Título: Decision-Making, Cognitive Distortions and Alcohol Use in Adolescent Problem and Non-problem Gamblers: An Experimental Study
Autores: Maria Ciccarelli, Mark D. Griffiths, Giovanna Nigro, Marina Cosenza
Ano: 2016
Abstract
In the psychological literature, many studies have investigated the neuropsychological and behavioral changes that occur developmentally during adolescence. These studies have consistently observed a deficit in the decision-making ability of children and adolescents. This deficit has been ascribed to incomplete brain development. The same deficit has also been observed in adult problem and pathological gamblers. However, to date, no study has examined decision-making in adolescents with and without gambling problems. Furthermore, no study has ever examined associations between problem gambling, decision-making, cognitive distortions and alcohol use in youth. To address these issues, 104 male adolescents participated in this study. They were equally divided in two groups, problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers, based on South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents scores. All participants performed the Iowa gambling task and completed the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale and the alcohol use disorders identification test. Adolescent problem gamblers displayed impaired decision-making, reported high cognitive distortions, and had more problematic alcohol use compared to non-problem gamblers. Strong correlations between problem gambling, alcohol use, and cognitive distortions were observed. Decision-making correlated with interpretative bias. This study demonstrated that adolescent problem gamblers appear to have the same psychological profile as adult problem gamblers and that gambling involvement can negatively impact on decision-making ability that, in adolescence, is still developing. The correlations between interpretative bias and decision-making suggested that the beliefs in the ability to influence gambling outcomes may facilitate decision-making impairment.
References
-
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
-
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
-
Barnes, G. M., Welte, J. W., Hoffman, J. H., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2002). Effects of alcohol misuse on gambling patterns in youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(6), 767–775.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Bechara, A., & Damasio, H. (2002). Decision-making and addiction (part I): Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1675–1689.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7–15.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Anderson, S. W. (1998). Dissociation of working memory from decision making within the human prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 428–437.PubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Bechara, A., Dolan, S., Denburg, N., Hindes, A., Anderson, S., & Nathan, P. (2001). Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia, 39, 376–389.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Blanco, C., Hasin, D. S., Petry, N., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2006). Sex differences in subclinical and DSM-IV pathological gambling: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychological Medicine, 36, 943–953.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Blanco, C., Moreyra, P., Nunes, E. V., Saiz-Ruiz, J., & Ibanez, A. (2001). Pathological gambling: Addiction or compulsion? Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6(3), 167–176.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Cassotti, M., Houdé, O., & Moutier, S. (2011). Developmental changes of win-stay and loss-shift strategies in decision making. Child Neuropsychology, 17, 400–411.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Cauffman, E., Shulman, E. P., Steinberg, L., Claus, E., Banich, M. T., Graham, S., & Woolard, J. (2010). Age differences in affective decision making as indexed by performance on the Iowa gambling task. Developmental Psychology, 46, 193–207.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Chiesi, F., Donati, M. A., Galli, S., & Primi, C. (2013). The suitability of the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA) as a screening tool: IRT-based evidence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 287–293.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Cosenza, M., Baldassarre, I., Matarazzo, O., & Nigro, G. (2014). Youth at stake: Alexithymia, cognitive distortions, and problem gambling in late adolescents. Cognitive Computation, 6, 652–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
-
Cosenza, M., & Nigro, G. (2015). Wagering the future: Cognitive distortions, impulsivity, delay discounting, and time perspective in adolescent gambling. Journal of Adolescence,45, 56–66.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Critchley, H. D., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Neural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation. Neuron, 29, 537–545.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Crone, E. A., Bunge, S. A., Latenstein, H., & van der Molen, M. W. (2005). Characterization of children’s decision making: Sensitivity to punishment frequency, not task complexity. Child Neuropsychology, 11, 245–263.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Crone, E. A., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004). Developmental changes in real life decision making: Performance on a gambling task previously shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25(3), 251–279.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Crone, E. A., Vendel, I., & van der Molen, M. W. (2003). Decision-making in disinhibited adolescents and adults: Insensitivity to future consequences or driven by immediate reward? Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1625–1641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
-
Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, rationality and the human brain. New York: Avon Books.Google Scholar
-
Delfabbro, P., Lahn, J., & Grabosky, P. (2006). It’s not what you know, but how you use it: Statistical knowledge and adolescent problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22, 179–193.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Duhig, A. M., Maciejewski, P. K., Desai, R. A., Krishnan-Sarin, S., & Potenza, M. N. (2007). Characteristics of adolescent past-year gamblers and non-gamblers in relation to alcohol drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 32(1), 80–89.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Elliott, R., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex,10, 308–317.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Ernst, M., Bolla, K., Mouratidis, M., Contoreggi, C., Matochik, J. A., Kurian, V., et al. (2002). Decision-making in a risk-taking task: A PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology,26, 682–691.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Forbush, K. T., Shaw, M., Graeber, M. A., Hovick, L., Meyer, V. J., Moser, D. J., et al. (2008). Neuropsychological characteristics and personality traits in pathological gambling. CNS Spectrums, 13, 306–315.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Goodie, A. S., & Fortune, E. E. (2013). Measuring cognitive distortions in pathological gambling: Review and meta-analyses. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(3), 730–743.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E., & van den Brink, W. (2005). Decision making in pathological gambling: A comparison between pathological gamblers, alcohol dependents, persons with Tourette syndrome, and normal controls. Cognitive Brain Research, 23, 137–151.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E., & van den Brink, W. (2006). Psychophysiological determinants and concomitants of deficient decision making in pathological gamblers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 84, 231–239.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Griffiths, M. D. (1994). The role of cognitive bias and skill in fruit machine gambling. British Journal of Psychology, 85(3), 351–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
-
Griffiths, M. D. (1995). Adolescent gambling. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
-
Hooper, C. J., Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., & Yarger, R. S. (2004). Adolescents’ performance on the Iowa gambling task: Implications for the development of decision making and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1148–1158.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Iliceto, P., Fino, E., Cammarota, C., Giovani, E., Petrucci, F., Desimoni, M., et al. (2015). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-I). Journal of Gambling Studies, 31, 225–242.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Joukhador, J., Blaszczynski, A., & Maccallum, F. (2004). Superstitious beliefs in gambling among problem and non-problem gamblers: Preliminary data. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(2), 171–180.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Ladouceur, R., Gaboury, A., Bujold, A., Lachance, N., & Tremblay, S. (1991). Ecological validity of laboratory studies of videopoker gaming. Journal of Gambling Studies, 7, 109–116.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Lakey, C. E., Goodie, A. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2007). Frequent card playing and pathological gambling: The utility of the Georgia Gambling Task and Iowa gambling task for predicting pathology. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 285–297.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Liu, T., Maciejewski, P. K., & Potenza, M. N. (2009). The relationship between recreational gambling and substance abuse/dependence: Data from a nationally representative sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 100, 164–168.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Lorains, F. K., Dowling, N. A., Enticott, P. G., Bradshaw, J. L., Trueblood, J. S., & Stout, J. C. (2014). Strategic and non-strategic problem gamblers differ on decision-making under risk and ambiguity. Addiction, 109, 1128–1137.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Monterosso, J., Ehrman, R., Napier, K. L., O’Brien, C. P., & Chidress, A. R. (2001). Three decision-making tasks in cocaine-dependent patients: Do they measure the same construct? Addiction, 96, 1825–1837.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Petry, N. M., Blanco, C., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Crowley, T. J., et al. (2014). An overview of and rationale for changes proposed for pathological gambling in DSM-5. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30, 493–502.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
-
Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2004). The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99, 757–769.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction, 88, 791–804.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Smith, D. G., Xiao, L., & Bechara, A. (2012). Decision making in children and adolescents: Impaired Iowa gambling task performance in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1180–1187.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Steinberg, L. (2005). Cognitive and affective development in adolescence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 69–74.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Stinchfield, R. D., & Winters, K. C. (1998). Adolescent gambling: A review of prevalence, risk factors and health implications. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 556, 172–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
-
Toneatto, T., Blitz-Miller, T., Calderwood, K., Dragonetti, R., & Tsanos, A. (1997). Cognitive distortions in heavy gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 253–266.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Ladouceur, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Gambling, delinquency, and drug use during adolescence: Mutual influences and common risk factors. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17, 171–190.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Wiehler, A., & Peters, J. (2015). Reward-based decision making in pathological gambling: The roles of risk and delay. Neuroscience Research, 90, 3–14.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
-
Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D., & Fulkerson, J. (1993). Toward the development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9, 63–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
…
Fonte: Springer